The TOEFL iBT® Test: Improving Your Writing Skills[چگونه مهارت نوشتن خود را در آزمون تافل اینترنتی بالا ببریم؟]

The TOEFL iBT® Test: Improving Your Writing Skills[چگونه مهارت نوشتن خود را در آزمون تافل اینترنتی ب

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Persia1

مدیر تالار زبان انگلیسی
مدیر تالار
[h=2]Advice for Writing

Skill: Writing based on Reading and Listening

Performance Level: Limited

Score Range: 1–16[/h]

  1. Read and listen to academic articles and other material in your own language. Take notes about what you read and hear.
    • Start out taking notes in your own language and then take notes in English.
    • Summarize the points in complete English sentences.
    • Ask your teacher to review your writing and help you correct your errors.
    • Gradually decrease the time it takes you to read the material and write these summaries.
    • Practice typing on a standard English (QWERTY) keyboard.
  2. Listen to recorded lectures in English. Practice finding the main points and taking notes.
    • Stop the recording every 20–30 seconds and write down the main points.
    • Replay the recording to check your notes and add information you may have missed.
    • Use your notes to write out these ideas in fuller, more complex English sentences.
  3. Learn important phrases that help you figure out what is happening.
    • Determine who the source of the information is.
      • The speaker
      • Someone else the speaker is talking about
    • Find out how certain the information is.
      • Might be versus is
    • Listen for words that indicate the main ideas being discussed.
      • point
      • factor
      • issue
  4. Practice writing grammatically correct sentences and use appropriate words to summarize information from text and lecture material.
    • Each week focus on a different aspect of English grammar. Complete grammatical exercises that reinforce this aspect.
    • Record news broadcasts and informational programs in English from the radio or television.
      • Practice listening and writing grammatical sentences about what you hear the newscaster say.
      • Ask your teacher or a friend review your work.
    • Read factual informational articles in English.
      • Underline sentence structures and words you are not familiar with.
      • Ask your teacher or a friend to help you understand what they communicate.
  5. Learn to pay attention to differing ideas about a topic, and to find the similarities and differences of opinions.
    • Look at different articles about the same topic (for example, editorials in the newspaper). Make a list of the similarities and differences of opinions about that topic.
    • Take a controversial cultural issue and write about how your culture understands it. Then compare your ideas with someone from another culture.
    • Study expressions that are used to compare and contrast ideas
      • in contrast
      • on the other hand
      • however
      • but
      • although
      • similarly
      • like



ets.org
 

Persia1

مدیر تالار زبان انگلیسی
مدیر تالار
[h=2]Advice for Writing

Skill: Writing based on Reading and Listening

Performance Level: Fair

Score Range: 17–23[/h]

  1. Practice finding main points.
    • Ask a friend to record news and informational programs in English from the television or radio, or download talks or lectures from the Internet.
      • Listen and take notes. Stop the recording about every 30 seconds to write out a short summary of what you heard.
      • Replay the recording to check your summary. Mark places where you are not sure if you have understood what was said or if you are not sure you have expressed yourself well.
      • Ask your teacher to review your summary to see if you have accurately understood what you listened to and if you have accurately expressed your understanding in English.
      • With a teacher or friend, listen to the recording again and pay close attention to the places where you had difficulty understanding.
  2. Read two short articles or essays that take related or opposite views on the same topic or issue.
    • Outline each text and compare the main points.
    • Write a summary of each one and have someone check your outlines.
    • Do another writing task in which you explain the ways in which these points are related, the ways they are different, or the ways in which one article supports the other or makes you look at the other in a different way.
  3. Read one lengthy article in English from a magazine or a website each day.
    • Outline the article.
    • Write a summary of it in English as quickly as you feel comfortable.
    • Ask your teacher to review your summary to see if your sentences are grammatically correct and if your sentences and vocabulary have accurately expressed the ideas from the original source.
    • If you are writing many short, simple sentences, try to combine related ideas into more lengthy, complex sentences.
  4. Read short but interesting academic articles in magazines and on websites in your own language each day.
    • Translate them into complex, accurate sentences in English.
    • Ask your teacher to review your translations for accuracy of content, vocabulary and grammar.
    • Learn to recognize common errors you make so you can correct these on your own.
  5. Practice combining information that you have heard and read in a written summary.
    • Read a text before listening to a talk on the same subject. Make a list of the similarities and differences of information presented.
    • Read an editorial on a subject. Then talk to someone about it and listen to what they say about the issues. Then write a summary of the different views.
  6. Get a book that teaches the different types of connecting words. These expressions show the relationship between sentences and paragraphs.
    • Know expressions that show
      • reasons (because, since)
      • results (as a result, so, therefore)
      • examples (for example, such as)
      • comparisons (in contrast, on the other hand)
      • a process or list (first, second, then)
      • conclusions (in conclusion, in summary)
 

Persia1

مدیر تالار زبان انگلیسی
مدیر تالار
[h=2]Advice for Writing

Skill: Writing based on Reading and Listening

Performance Level: Good

Score Range: 24–30[/h]

  1. Practice listening to lectures and conversations in English.
    • Record news and informational programs in English from the television or radio, or download talks or lectures from the Internet.
    • Listen to these programs and take notes on the important points. Summarize the programs in English.
    • Listen to them again to check your notes and summaries for accuracy.
  2. Practice analyzing reading passages in English.
    • Read two articles or chapters on the same topic or issue.
    • Write a summary of each, and then explain the ways they are similar and the ways they are different.
    • Practice combining listening and reading by searching for readings related to talks and lectures you or a friend or a teacher can find.
    • Develop your vocabulary, grammar, reading, listening and writing skills through extensive reading and listening in a variety of increasingly challenging academic areas.
    • Write summaries and comparisons of what you have read.
    • Get feedback from a teacher or friend on your comprehension, language and writing.
 

Persia1

مدیر تالار زبان انگلیسی
مدیر تالار
[h=2]Advice for Writing

Skill: Writing based on Knowledge and Experience

Performance Level: Limited

Score Range: 1–16[/h]

  1. Practice writing daily.
    • Keep a journal. Write your opinions about things that you experience or topics in which you are interested.
      • Start out writing in your own language. This will help you get used to writing and will build confidence in your writing ability.
      • When you begin to feel more comfortable writing, keep a journal in English.
    • Take a writing class. This will give you lots of writing practice and a teacher will show you ways to improve your writing.
    • Find a pen pal or writing buddy. Write email messages or letters to each other.
    • Practice typing on a standard English (QWERTY) keyboard.
  2. Pay attention to your grammar and sentence structure.
    • Study the basics of English grammar and develop your vocabulary.
    • Practice writing correct sentences in English. Begin by writing simple sentences.
    • Make sure that each sentence has a subject and a verb, and that the subject agrees with the verb.
      • The student likes...; The students like...
    • Take two of your sentences and practice combining them.
    • Reread what you write. Look for and correct mistakes.
  3. Study the organization of good paragraphs and essays. A good paragraph discusses ONE main idea. This idea is usually written in the first sentence, which is called the topic sentence. Each paragraph should discuss one aspect of the main idea of the essay.
    • Write paragraphs in English that focus on one main idea and contain several complete sentences that explain or support that idea.
    • Ask your teacher to review your paragraphs for correctness.
  4. Think about who will be reading your writing. In some situations you need to write in a formal manner and your sentence structure, vocabulary use and general style should reflect that.
  5. Read a lot in English. This will help you recognize good writing styles.
 

Persia1

مدیر تالار زبان انگلیسی
مدیر تالار
[h=2]Advice for Writing

Skill: Writing based on Knowledge and Experience

Performance Level: Fair

Score Range: 17–23[/h]

  1. Pay attention to how ideas support a position and practice generating ideas to support a position.
    • Read articles and essays that express opinions about an issue (for example, a social, environmental or educational issue).
      • Identify the writer's opinion or opinions.
      • Notice how the writer addresses possible objections to the opinion, if they are present.
      • Outline the article and note the ways the writer supports the ideas.
    • Write a response to the article or essay in English, taking the opposite viewpoint.
      • Outline your response.
      • Note the methods you use to support your ideas.
    • Reread what you have written.
      • Make sure your supporting ideas are clearly related to your main point.
      • Note what method you use to develop each of your supporting points.
      • Make sure you have developed each of your points in detail. Is there anything more you could have said to strengthen your points?
  2. Pay attention to how you organize ideas and think about how a reader who isn’t familiar with your topic is going to be able to follow the information you want to present.
    • Spend time planning and thinking about how to organize your ideas. Your reader should be able to understand how your essay is organized.
    • Have a friend or a teacher outline your essay so that you can see if others can recognize your method of organization.
    • Make sure you are using the right words to connect your ideas and supporting information in the way you want your reader to understand them.
      • Remember that your reader doesn’t know what you know or what you intend. Is there any way your reader might misunderstand? If so, consider revising how you present and explain your ideas.
      • Ask your teacher to check your use of topic sentences, paragraphs, and connecting words, phrases, and sentences. Did you use these correctly and effectively?
  3. Think about who will be reading your writing. In some situations you need to write in a formal manner and your sentence structure, vocabulary use and general style should reflect that.
  4. Work to expand the types of sentences you write and increase your vocabulary.
    • Write paragraphs in English that contain several complete sentences.
      • Study the basics of English grammar.
      • Develop your vocabulary.
      • Practice writing correct sentences in English.
      • Ask your teacher to review your sentences for correctness.
    • Create your own dictionary of English words.
    • Use those words in your own writing.
    • Try writing longer and more complex sentences instead of short, simple sentences.
    • Focus on appropriate sentence formation and accurate word choice.
    • Read short but interesting academic articles in magazines and on websites in your own language each day.
      • As you feel comfortable, write the ideas from what you read in complex, accurate sentences in English.
      • Ask your teacher to review what you have written for accuracy of content, vocabulary, and grammar.
  5. Make your writing clear by avoiding grammatical mistakes.
    • Avoid using vague words and phrases.
    • Focus on a different aspect of English grammar each week and complete grammatical exercises that reinforce this aspect.
    • Read an article or essay in English in a magazine or on a website each day.
      • Summarize and respond to it in English.
      • Proofread and revise your work.
      • Ask your teacher to review your writing to see if your sentences are grammatically correct and if your sentences and word choice express ideas clearly.
  6. Read a lot in English. This will help you recognize good writing styles.
 

Persia1

مدیر تالار زبان انگلیسی
مدیر تالار
[h=2]Advice for Writing

Skill: Writing based on Knowledge and Experience

Performance Level: Good

Score Range: 24–30[/h]
Congratulations on writing an excellent essay! You can organize, develop and express your ideas well in English. However, all writers want to improve, so here are some points to keep in mind for the future.

  1. Continue to improve your ability to express opinions by studying the ways that published writers express their opinions.
    • Read articles and essays written by professional writers that express opinions about an issue (for example, a social, environmental or educational issue).
      • Identify the writer's opinion or opinions.
      • Notice how the writer addresses possible objections to the opinion, if the writer discusses these.
      • Outline the article and note the different ways the writer supports the ideas.
      • Write a response to the opinion essay or article in English, taking the opposite viewpoint.
      • Outline your response, noting the methods you used to support your ideas.
  2. Continue to develop your ability to express and organize ideas by outlining and recognizing the ways that professional writers present their ideas.
    • Read articles and essays and describe how they are organized.
    • Pay attention to the language the writers use to guide the readers’ understanding of how the parts of the article are connected.
    • Write summaries and responses to what you have read.
    • Think about how you want to organize your writing before you begin. You should have a clearly understood main idea and your supporting ideas should be relevant and developed with explanations, examples, and reasoning. A good strategy is to organize your main ideas into paragraphs that each have a topic sentence that clearly relates to your main point.
    • Use appropriate linking devices to make sure your reader can follow the ways in which you relate your information and connect your supporting ideas to your main point.
    • Get feedback from a teacher or friend on your use of language and how you have organized your ideas.
    • Continue to develop your vocabulary, grammar and writing skills through extensive reading in challenging academic areas.
 
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