زبانکده تالار کشاورزی
- شروع کننده موضوع Phyto
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___________________________________
سلام
دونفر بیشتر جواب ندادند
گرامر بذارم آیا؟
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1.I would show them the picture if they …………… busy.
a.don’t
b.didn’t
c.aren’t
d.weren’t
2.If they were here , I ……………. dinner for them .
a.will cook
b.cook
c.would cook
d.cooked
3.If Ali …………… you live here , he might come to see you .
a.knows
b.knew
c.will know
d.would know
4.If I sold my car , I ……………. much money for it .
a.got
b.get
c.would get
d.will get
5.If he …………. eat too much , he wouldn’t be so fat .
a.didn’t
b.doesn’t
c.wasn’t
d.won’t
a.don’t
b.didn’t
c.aren’t
d.weren’t
2.If they were here , I ……………. dinner for them .
a.will cook
b.cook
c.would cook
d.cooked
3.If Ali …………… you live here , he might come to see you .
a.knows
b.knew
c.will know
d.would know
4.If I sold my car , I ……………. much money for it .
a.got
b.get
c.would get
d.will get
5.If he …………. eat too much , he wouldn’t be so fat .
a.didn’t
b.doesn’t
c.wasn’t
d.won’t
___________________________________
سلام
دونفر بیشتر جواب ندادند
گرامر بذارم آیا؟
TAA was quantified according to Arnao, Cano, and Acosta
(2001), which enables the determination of TAA due to both hydrophilic
and lipophilic compounds in the same extraction. Briefly, for
each sub-sample, 5 g of tissue were homogenised in 5 ml of 50 mM
phosphate buffer pH = 7.8 and 3 ml of ethyl acetate, and then centrifuged
at 10,000 g for 15 min at 4 C. The upper fraction was used
for total antioxidant activity due to lipophilic compounds (L-TAA)
and the lower for total antioxidant activity due to hydrophilic compounds
(H-TAA). In both cases, TAA was determined using the
enzymatic system composed of the chromophore 2,2´ -azino-bis-
(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS),
the horse radish peroxidase enzyme (HRP) and its oxidant substrate
(hydrogen peroxide), in which ABTS+ radicals are generated
and monitored at 730 nm. The decrease in absorbance after adding
the pomegranate extract was proportional to the TAA of the sample.
A calibration curve was performed with Trolox ((R)-(+)-6-hydroxy-
2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-croman-2-carboxylic acid) (0–20 nmol)
from Sigma (Madrid, Spain), and results are expressed as mg of
Trolox equivalent 100 g1. All reagents were purchased from Sigma,
Sigma–Aldrich, Madrid, Spain. A relative calibration procedure
was performed using Trolox at 1–5 lg in the reaction medium,
which showed linearity with the absorbance at 730 nm (y =
0.138 +0.033; R2 = 0.999; for H-TAA, and y = 0.093 +0.068;
R2 = 0.998; for L-TAA).
سلام
من توی روشی که در متن بالا برای اندازه گیری آنتی اکسیدان کل هستش مشکل دارم
اگه کمکم کنید ممنون میشم
(2001), which enables the determination of TAA due to both hydrophilic
and lipophilic compounds in the same extraction. Briefly, for
each sub-sample, 5 g of tissue were homogenised in 5 ml of 50 mM
phosphate buffer pH = 7.8 and 3 ml of ethyl acetate, and then centrifuged
at 10,000 g for 15 min at 4 C. The upper fraction was used
for total antioxidant activity due to lipophilic compounds (L-TAA)
and the lower for total antioxidant activity due to hydrophilic compounds
(H-TAA). In both cases, TAA was determined using the
enzymatic system composed of the chromophore 2,2´ -azino-bis-
(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS),
the horse radish peroxidase enzyme (HRP) and its oxidant substrate
(hydrogen peroxide), in which ABTS+ radicals are generated
and monitored at 730 nm. The decrease in absorbance after adding
the pomegranate extract was proportional to the TAA of the sample.
A calibration curve was performed with Trolox ((R)-(+)-6-hydroxy-
2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-croman-2-carboxylic acid) (0–20 nmol)
from Sigma (Madrid, Spain), and results are expressed as mg of
Trolox equivalent 100 g1. All reagents were purchased from Sigma,
Sigma–Aldrich, Madrid, Spain. A relative calibration procedure
was performed using Trolox at 1–5 lg in the reaction medium,
which showed linearity with the absorbance at 730 nm (y =
0.138 +0.033; R2 = 0.999; for H-TAA, and y = 0.093 +0.068;
R2 = 0.998; for L-TAA).
سلام
من توی روشی که در متن بالا برای اندازه گیری آنتی اکسیدان کل هستش مشکل دارم
اگه کمکم کنید ممنون میشم
گرامر: جملات شرطی نوع دوم
گرامر: جملات شرطی نوع دوم
جملات شرطی غیر محتمل: (شرطی نوع دوم)
این جملات درباره موقعیتهای فرضی یا خیالی صحبت می کنند که احتمال رخ دادنشان غیر ممکن است یا در گذشته می توانستند رخ بدهند اما چون اتفاق نیافتاده اند حالا احتمال رخ دادنشان غیر ممکن شده.
ساختار آنها به این صورت است:
If+گذشته ساده+فاعل +…,·
فاعل+ would/could/might+·شکل ساده فعل
If they had more money, they would buy more fruit.
If he left, I would be happier.
If the baby slept longer at night, we wouldn’t be so tired.
If I had the money, I would buy a new car.
I would live in Kerman if I could find a job there.
If you moved back home, your parents would be happy.
If she spoke Italian, she could translate for us.
You would share you millions with your friends, if you won the lottery, wouldn’t you!?
If he did his home work, he could get better grads.
If you were rich where you would live?
If we had more money, we could fly instead of drive.
If you knew how to cook, you could prepare food for yourself.
If she loved him, she would be very happy.
I wouldn’t leave if I had a better job offer.
نکته:در جمله شرط هرچند از فعل گذشته ساده استفاده می کنیم اما داریم به یک موقعیت فرضی در زمان حال اشاره می کنیم. مثلا در جمله بالا گفته شده اگر آنها پول بیشتری داشتند. یعنی در حال حاضر آنها این مقدار پول را در اختیار ندارند.
If we knew how to build a boat, we would escape.
اگر ما می دانستیم چگونه یک قایق بسازیم فرار می کردیم. یعنی ما در حال حاضر نمی دانیم و بلد نیستیم یک قایق بسازیم در نتیجه نمی توانیم فرار کنیم.
نکته: در این گونه جملات اگر فعل یکی از اشکال فعل be باشد با هر نوع فاعلی از were استفاده می کنیم.
If I were on this island for a long time, I would go crazy.
However if my friends were with me, I would feel better.
If I were taller, I could reach the top shelf of the cabinet.
I could go home if it were 5:00, but it’s only 3:00.
You would understand my position if you were a little older.
نکته: از عبارت if I were youمی توانیم برای نصیحت کردن استفاده کنیم.
If I were you I wouldn’t ask that question! Our teacher could get angry.
اینگونه جملات ممکن است درباره ی حوادثی که درآینده رخ دهد نیز صحبت کنند با این تفاوت که در شرطی نوع اول(محتمل) احتمال رخ دادن آن وجود دارد مثلا “اگر تو به کرمان بروی من به دیدنت می آیم.” این یک شرطی محتمل است چون شدنی است اما در مواردی مثل اگر تو میلیاردر شوی،اگر در یک جزیره ی دور افتاده زندگی کنی و…بیشتر یک رویاست تا واقعیت به همین دلیل اینگونه جملات جز شرطی نوع دوم(غیر محتمل) قرار می گیرند هرچند در مواردی ممکن است ساختاری کاملا مشابه ساختار شرطی نوع اول داشته باشند.
If I get to be President, I’ll put you in charge of everything. (Possible unlikely)
If I strike it rich, I’ll buy gifts for all my friends. (Possible- unlikely)
این جملات ممکن است بین زمان حال و گذشته ارتباط برقرار کنند یعنی حالت فرضی از زمان گذشته را درنظر بگیرند که می توانست زمان حال را تغییر دهد. مثلا اگر علی پولهایش را پس انداز کرده بود حالا می توانست مقدار زیادی پول داشته باشد. البته از آنجا که ما نمی توانیم گذشته را تغییر دهیم درنتیجه این جملات غیر واقعی هستند. یعنی از قرار معلوم علی در گذشته پولهایش را خرج کرده و حالا پس انداز زیادی ندارد.
If his grandfather had lived, he would be a too old man now.
If we had won last week’s lottery, we would be resting on a beach in Hawaii now.
If I had gotten a flu shot, I wouldn’t be sick. (An event that didn’t occur.)
_____________________________________________
خیلی سعی کردم جملات سمت چپ درست نوشته بشه نمیشه
گرامر: جملات شرطی نوع دوم
جملات شرطی غیر محتمل: (شرطی نوع دوم)
این جملات درباره موقعیتهای فرضی یا خیالی صحبت می کنند که احتمال رخ دادنشان غیر ممکن است یا در گذشته می توانستند رخ بدهند اما چون اتفاق نیافتاده اند حالا احتمال رخ دادنشان غیر ممکن شده.
ساختار آنها به این صورت است:
If+گذشته ساده+فاعل +…,·
فاعل+ would/could/might+·شکل ساده فعل
If they had more money, they would buy more fruit.
If he left, I would be happier.
If the baby slept longer at night, we wouldn’t be so tired.
If I had the money, I would buy a new car.
I would live in Kerman if I could find a job there.
If you moved back home, your parents would be happy.
If she spoke Italian, she could translate for us.
You would share you millions with your friends, if you won the lottery, wouldn’t you!?
If he did his home work, he could get better grads.
If you were rich where you would live?
If we had more money, we could fly instead of drive.
If you knew how to cook, you could prepare food for yourself.
If she loved him, she would be very happy.
I wouldn’t leave if I had a better job offer.
نکته:در جمله شرط هرچند از فعل گذشته ساده استفاده می کنیم اما داریم به یک موقعیت فرضی در زمان حال اشاره می کنیم. مثلا در جمله بالا گفته شده اگر آنها پول بیشتری داشتند. یعنی در حال حاضر آنها این مقدار پول را در اختیار ندارند.
If we knew how to build a boat, we would escape.
اگر ما می دانستیم چگونه یک قایق بسازیم فرار می کردیم. یعنی ما در حال حاضر نمی دانیم و بلد نیستیم یک قایق بسازیم در نتیجه نمی توانیم فرار کنیم.
نکته: در این گونه جملات اگر فعل یکی از اشکال فعل be باشد با هر نوع فاعلی از were استفاده می کنیم.
If I were on this island for a long time, I would go crazy.
However if my friends were with me, I would feel better.
If I were taller, I could reach the top shelf of the cabinet.
I could go home if it were 5:00, but it’s only 3:00.
You would understand my position if you were a little older.
نکته: از عبارت if I were youمی توانیم برای نصیحت کردن استفاده کنیم.
If I were you I wouldn’t ask that question! Our teacher could get angry.
اینگونه جملات ممکن است درباره ی حوادثی که درآینده رخ دهد نیز صحبت کنند با این تفاوت که در شرطی نوع اول(محتمل) احتمال رخ دادن آن وجود دارد مثلا “اگر تو به کرمان بروی من به دیدنت می آیم.” این یک شرطی محتمل است چون شدنی است اما در مواردی مثل اگر تو میلیاردر شوی،اگر در یک جزیره ی دور افتاده زندگی کنی و…بیشتر یک رویاست تا واقعیت به همین دلیل اینگونه جملات جز شرطی نوع دوم(غیر محتمل) قرار می گیرند هرچند در مواردی ممکن است ساختاری کاملا مشابه ساختار شرطی نوع اول داشته باشند.
If I get to be President, I’ll put you in charge of everything. (Possible unlikely)
If I strike it rich, I’ll buy gifts for all my friends. (Possible- unlikely)
این جملات ممکن است بین زمان حال و گذشته ارتباط برقرار کنند یعنی حالت فرضی از زمان گذشته را درنظر بگیرند که می توانست زمان حال را تغییر دهد. مثلا اگر علی پولهایش را پس انداز کرده بود حالا می توانست مقدار زیادی پول داشته باشد. البته از آنجا که ما نمی توانیم گذشته را تغییر دهیم درنتیجه این جملات غیر واقعی هستند. یعنی از قرار معلوم علی در گذشته پولهایش را خرج کرده و حالا پس انداز زیادی ندارد.
If his grandfather had lived, he would be a too old man now.
If we had won last week’s lottery, we would be resting on a beach in Hawaii now.
If I had gotten a flu shot, I wouldn’t be sick. (An event that didn’t occur.)
_____________________________________________
خیلی سعی کردم جملات سمت چپ درست نوشته بشه نمیشه
تمرین
تمرین
تمرین
جای خالی را در مورد شرطی های نوع دوم با فرم صحیح فعل پر کنید.
1. If he _____ (work) more, he would finish in time.
2. They would do well on the test if they _____ (study) more.
3. If I _____ (be) you, I would run for president!
4. Mary _____ (buy) a new jacket if she had enough money.
5. If Jason flew to New York, he _____ (visit) the Empire State Building.
6. We _____ (take) a break, if our boss weren't so nervous today.
7. If Sally _____ (go), she wouldn't return!
8. Alan wouldn't know if you _____ (ask) him.
9. Jennifer _____ (refer) you for the position if she thought you were qualified.
10. Alison wouldn't help them if they _____ (not ask) for help.
1. If he _____ (work) more, he would finish in time.
2. They would do well on the test if they _____ (study) more.
3. If I _____ (be) you, I would run for president!
4. Mary _____ (buy) a new jacket if she had enough money.
5. If Jason flew to New York, he _____ (visit) the Empire State Building.
6. We _____ (take) a break, if our boss weren't so nervous today.
7. If Sally _____ (go), she wouldn't return!
8. Alan wouldn't know if you _____ (ask) him.
9. Jennifer _____ (refer) you for the position if she thought you were qualified.
10. Alison wouldn't help them if they _____ (not ask) for help.
سلام
توی متن زیر
من متوجه نمی شم ریشه از شاخساره به خشکی حساستره یا برعکس ؟
توی متن زیر
من متوجه نمی شم ریشه از شاخساره به خشکی حساستره یا برعکس ؟
The effect of
drought stress is usually greater on shoot growth than it
is on root growth. This lower sensitivity of roots appears
to occur as a consequence of the rapid osmotic
adjustment of roots in response to a decrease in soil
water-content, which allows the maintenance of water
uptake, and is also due to the enhanced loosening ability
of root cell walls (Sharp et al., 2004)
drought stress is usually greater on shoot growth than it
is on root growth. This lower sensitivity of roots appears
to occur as a consequence of the rapid osmotic
adjustment of roots in response to a decrease in soil
water-content, which allows the maintenance of water
uptake, and is also due to the enhanced loosening ability
of root cell walls (Sharp et al., 2004)
شهید جهان آرا
اخراجی موقت
با سلام
اثر استرس خشکی معمولا" بزرگتر است روی رشد شاخه از اثر آن روی رشد ریشه.
اثر کمتر روی ریشه به نظر می رسد اسمز سریع ....
ترجمه تقریبا" تحت اللفظی بود !!
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