آموزش گرامر زبان انگلیسی (سطح پیشرفته)

[tashakori]

Grammar Pattern 6: Simple Polite Questions
(Use these sentences only in special situations.
They are not so useful for conversations.)
Model Sentence
Would you like to have some coffee?

Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each question out loud!
1. Would you like some tea?
2. Would you come here for a moment?
3. What do you want to eat for lunch?
4. What do you want to drink?
5. Could you tell me your name?
6. Could you help me move this?
7. May I sit here?
8. May we come in?

Conversation Practice - There are no conversations for "Polite Questions". Please go to Pattern 7!
Grammar Pattern 7: Longer Polite Questions
(Use these sentences only in special situations.
They are not so useful for conversations.)
Model Sentence
Would you like to go out for a drink after work?

Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each question out loud!
1. Would you like to get together for a drink tonight?
2. Would you come to our home for dinner Friday night?
3. Would you mind bringing some books to our meeting tomorrow?
4. Could you come to work a little early this week?
5. Could you reserve a seat for me on Wednesday evening?
6. Could you take some time to look at my report?
7. May I ask what you are doing about our problem?
8. May I know what you are planning to do next?
Conversation Practice - There are no conversations for "Polite Questions". Please go to Pattern 8!
Grammar Pattern 8: Conditional Questions
(These questions use "would" and "could" but they are NOT polite questions! Instead, they are questions about "possibilities". These questions are VERY good for starting interesting conversations.)
Model Sentence
Would you like to travel to the moon some day?

Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each question out loud!
1. Would you like to visit London? (Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn't.)
2. Could you take a train to work next week? (Yes, we could. / No, we couldn't.)
3. Should we study this for the test? (Yes, you should. / No, you shouldn't.)
4. Would you have studied harder as a student? [If you had another chance.] (Yes, I would have. / No, I wouldn't have.)
5. Could you have found a better way? (Yes, I could have. / No, I couldn't have.
6. Should you have asked for help before the test? (Yes, we should have. / No, we shouldn't have.)
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. Would you like to travel in space?
2. Would you like to visit the moon?
3. Could a lion beat an alligator in a fight?
4. Could a time machine be built in the future?
5. Should we spend more time at work or with our families?
6. Should we give money to poor people on the streets?
Discussion – Give longer answers to these questions.
1. Would you enjoy flying an airplane by yourself?
2. Could we have a cheap electric car in the future?
3. Should cloning (making a "copy" of people!) be allowed in the future?
4. What should people do to make our world cleaner?
5. How could we make a million dollars in a short time?
6. Where should we put all of the world's garbage?

 

[tashakori]

Grammar Pattern 9: "Have you ever...?"
(This is one of the best ways to start interesting conversations in English! Learn them well, listen for your speaking partner's answer. Finally ask follow-up questions to keep on talking on any topic in English.)
Model Sentence
Have you ever been to China?

Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each question out loud!
1. Have you been to California?
2. Have you seen any good movies recently?
3. Have you ever seen a ghost?
4. Has your sisters seen your new car?
5. Has English become easier or more difficult for you?
6. Has your hometown changed a lot in the past ten years?
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. Have you read any good books this year?
2. Have you travelled somewhere interesting in your life?
3. Have you ever tried a dangerous sport?
4. Have you studied a foreign language other then English?
5. Has anyone told you an interesting story recently?
Discussion – Give longer answers to these questions.
1. Would you enjoy flying an airplane by yourself?
2. Could we have a cheap electric car in the future?
3. Should cloning (making a "copy" of people!) be allowed in the future?
4. What should people do to make our world cleaner?
5. How could we make a million dollars in a short time?
6. Where should we put all of the world's garbage?
Grammar Pattern 10: Questions with "Which"
(This is a good pattern when you want to know your speaking partner's choice or what he/she likes. After you hear your partner's answer, you can ask another question to "follow up". Have fun!)
Model Sentence
Which do you like better, fish or meat?

Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each question out loud!
1. Which do you like more, TV or movies?
2. Which do you prefer, bread or rice?
3. Which season is your favorite?
4. Which time of the year is best in your?
5. Which is more interesting, watching sports or playing sports?
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. Which sport is your favorite?
2. Which job is best for you?
3. Which sound in English is hardest for you to make?
4. Which do you like more, reading books or listening to music?
5. Which did you enjoy more, your high school days or your elementary school days?
Discussion Practice - Give longer answers to these questions.
1. Which is more important to you, being rich or being happy?
2. Which do you think is more dangerous, eating too much or driving too fast?
Grammar Pattern 11
Simple Sentences with "Be" (am / is / are)
Model Sentence
We are not from this city.
This pattern is a very easy but important pattern. Be sure to say these perfectly! Especially be careful of the different forms - "I am", "We are", "They are", "He is" or "She is". You have to say these correctly every time or people will be confused.
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. I am from New York.
2. He is a teacher.
3. She is my friend.
4. We are married.
5. They are not married.
6. You are a good student.
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. What is your name? (My name is ...)
2. Where are you from? (I am from ...)
3. What is your job? (I am a ...)
4. Are you married? (Yes I am. / No I'm not.)
5. Is your friend a good student? (Yes she is. / No she isn't, she's a ...)
6. Are your parents teachers? (Yes they are. / No, they are ...)

 

[tashakori]

Grammar Pattern 12
Past Sentences with "Be" (was / were)
Model Sentence
We were hungry last night.

Use the past of "Be" to describe places, people, or things that happened before now. Pay close attention to the different times we us "was" (He was... / She was... / I was...) and "were" (We were... / They were...). These are easy sentences, but you must do them perfectly! Good luck.
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. I was a lazy student.
2. He was tired yesterday.
3. She was my neighbor.
4. We were classmates.
5. They were not classmates.
6. You were a cute child.
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. Were you a good student in high school?
2. Were you tired when you woke up this morning?
3. Was she your friend?
4. Were they in the same job?
5. Was he fat as a child?
6. Was yesterday a hot day?
Grammar Pattern 13
Simple Sentences with "Have" (or "Has")
Model Sentence
We have a little money.
This is a very easy pattern, but very common, so be sure to say each sentence perfectly! Be careful - although we say "I have" or "We have", it is different with "he" or "she". We must say "He has" or "She has".
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. I have good books.
2. She has two brothers.
3. He has one sister.
4. We have no time.
5. They have a house in the city.
6. You have good pronunciation in English!
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. Do you have any brothers or sisters?
2. What good books do you have for studying English?
3. Does your friend have good English pronunciation?
4. What kind of home does your family have?
5. Do your parents have good jobs?
6. Does your hometown have good parks?
Grammar Pattern 14
Past Sentences with "Had"
Model Sentence
I had a yellow bicycle.
The past of "have" is very easy - it is always "had". (I had, you had, we had, she had, he had, they had) Just remember to use it when you are talking about a time in the past.
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. I had a blue and red pen.
2. She had a good teacher last year.
3. He had a dog. (not now)
4. We had a big dinner.
5. They had money.
6. You had English classes two years ago.
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. Did you have a big lunch today?
2. Did your parents have English class in school?
3. Did you have any good teachers in school?
4. What kind of toys did you have as a child?
5. What did you have for breakfast this morning?
6. Where did you have dinner last night?
Grammar Pattern 15
Simple Sentences with "be" + "ing"
Model Sentence
We are studying English now.
This pattern describes actions that are happening now (so we use "be", not "was") and continue (so we use "ing").
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. I am eating dinner.
2. She is riding a bicycle.
3. He is playing the guitar.
4. We are playing tennis.
5. They are singing.
6. You are reading English!
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. What's your mother doing now? (She's reading a book. / She's getting ready for bed.)
2. What are your parents doing now? (They're eating dinner. / They're sleeping. / They're watching TV.)
3. Where are you going? (I'm going to work. / I'm going to my friend's home.)
4. Who are they talking to? (They're talking to ...)
5. Are you studying English now? (Yes I'm studying very hard! / No I'm hardly studying!)
Grammar Pattern 16
Past Sentences with "be" + "ing"
Model Sentence
We were eating dinner last night at this time.
This pattern describes actions that happened now, so we use "was" or "were", not "is", "am" or "are". We use "ing" to show the action continued. It was not an action that was quickly finished! Because the action continues, it is possible that another action happened at the same time.
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. I was sleeping (at 4 o'clock this morning).
2. She was eating dinner (at 6 o'clock last night).
3. He was coming home (last night after work).
4. We were talking on the telephone.
5. They were running.
6. You were studying English in junior high school.
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. What were you doing yesterday at this time? (I was working. / I was eating lunch. / I wasn't doing anything special.)
2. What was your father doing this morning at 8? (He was ...)
3. What were your parents doing last week? (They were ...)
4. Were you studying English last night? (Yes I was studying. / No I wasn't studying.)
5. Were you working or studying five years ago?

 

[tashakori]

Grammar Pattern 17
Noun + Verb + Noun
Model Sentence
My sister enjoys tennis.
This is another very basic pattern. You should try to say it as easily as your own name! Be careful to add an "s" after most verbs if the first noun is "he" or "she". We say "I enjoy" but "She enjoys". Got it?
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. I want coffee.
2. He enjoys steak.
3. She loves money.
4. They finished work.
5. My sister went to New York.
Conversation Practice - Practice these questions with your friends. Be sure to answer with the Noun + Verb + Noun pattern!
1. Do you enjoy coffee?
2. Do you enjoy tea?
3. Does your mother love cars?
4. Does your father like art?
5. Did you finish your work?
6. Where did you go yesterday?
Grammar Pattern 18
Longer Noun + Verb + Noun
Model Sentence
My younger brother Sam drinks beer.
This pattern is similar to Pattern 17, however the first noun (the subject of the sentence) can sometimes be a very long "noun phrase". For example, look at the model sentence above. Instead of "Sam drinks beer" which only has one word (Sam) as the subject, the model has four words ("My younger brother Sam") as the subject. This adds useful information and helps us to communicate more effectively. Or look at Pronunciation Practice sentence 5 below - the first noun phrase has nine words! Using noun phrases easily takes practice but when you can say them well, your speaking will be much more fluent.
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. My older sister wants coffee.
2. My friend Joe from Hawaii enjoys tea.
3. The brother of my best friend enjoys steak.
4. The woman who works in that shop loves money.
5. My older sister's friend who works in that shop went to New York.
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. What does your older sister (or younger sister) like to drink?
2. Do you have a friend from another city? Does he enjoy tea?
3. Who do you know that enjoys steak?
4. What kind of people love money?
5. Do you know anyone who has travelled to another city?
Grammar Pattern 19
Noun + Verb + Longer Noun
Model Sentence
This is my favorite book.
Pattern 18 has a longer verb at the beginning of the sentence. In Pattern 19, however, the longer verb comes at the end. The model sentence shows a "noun phrase" with three words ("my favorite book"). Pronunciation Practice sentence 9 has a noun phrase with six words ("their work on the business deal"). Of course, there is no limit to the possible length of a noun phrase. (Let's try a looooooooooong example! "These lessons are the most useful lessons on English grammar and sentence patterns in any country on Earth or on any website now, in the past, and in the future"!)
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. That is my house.
2. The women are famous lawyers.
3. He loves to play the guitar.
4. He enjoys steak with potatos.
5. I hate to drive during rush hour!
6. She's crazy about playing tennis.
7. I love to drive down country roads!
8. I want hot coffee with no milk or sugar.
9. They finished their work on the business deal.
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. What do you love to do?
2. Are you crazy about any sport?
3. How do you drink your tea?
4. What kind of coffee do you like?
5. What work have you finished recently?
6. What kind of worker are you?
7. What kind of worker is your father?
Grammar Pattern 20
Noun + Verb + Verb + Noun
Model Sentence
She can speak Japanese.
Patterns 20, 21 and 22 have two verbs together in the middle of each sentence. Pattern 20 has two simple verbs together without "to" or "ing". In the Model Sentence, the two verbs are "can" and "speak". Although this pattern (Pattern 20) is quite simple, it is important to know the difference between this pattern and the next two (Pattern 21 and Pattern 22).
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. We can read books.
2. I can't hear the music.
3. You will see her.
4. We won't visit him.b>
5. I don't know them.
6. I do know them. ("do" makes it stronger – "I really DO know them"!)
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. What can you do well?
2. What can't you do very well?
3. Will you go somewhere tonight?
4. Will you visit anyone tomorrow?
5. Do you know the Marx brothers? (Groucho, Harpo and Chico, not Karl!)
6. Did you study English yesterday?

 

[tashakori]

Grammar Pattern 21
Noun + Verb + "to" + Verb + Noun
Model Sentence
He likes to sleep late.
Pattern 21 has two verbs together in the middle of each sentence, linked by "to". In the Model Sentence above, the verb "likes" is followed by "to sleep". When you read English and see two verbs linked with "to", try to remember the first verb. That verb should always be followed by a verb in the "infinitive" form - that is a verb with "to". The most common verbs followed by "to" (followed by the "infinitive") are "want", "hope", "try", "ask", "expect" and "care". Notice that these verbs are all involved, in some way, with the future. (The verb "like" can be used with "to" or with "ing", as you will see with Pattern 22!)
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. We like to read books.
2. They want to eat soup.
3. She hopes to teach English.
4. He tries to improve his writing.
5. I stopped to eat dinner.
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. What do you like to read?
2. What do you want to eat for dinner tonight?
3. Where do you hope to work in the future?
4. What are you trying to improve in your life?
5. Do you sometimes stop on your way home from work? Why?
Grammar Pattern 22
Noun + Verb + "ing" + Verb + Noun
Model Sentence
She remembers dancing under the stars!
Pattern 22 has two verbs together in the middle of each sentence, with the second verb using "ing". In the Model Sentence above, the verb "remembers" is followed by "dancing". Besides "remember", other common verbs that are followed by "ing" are "enjoy", "prefer" "consider" and sometimes "like". Verb phrases, such as "think about" or "believe in" can also be followed by a verb with "ing". In some ways, the second verb with "ing" functions as a noun - we "enjoy something" or "prefer something" or "remember something".
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. He enjoys playing tennis.
2. Do you enjoy reading?
3. What do you enjoy doing on the weekend?
4. I tried studying Japanese.
5. We remember visiting Washington three years ago.
6. They like swimming very much. (The verb "like" can be followed by "to" OR "ing"!)
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. Do you enjoy playing tennis?
2. What sport do you enjoy playing the most?
3. Do you try learning many new things?
4. Can you remember doing anything special last week?
5. What do you remember thinking when you started learning English?
6. Do you like studying English?
7. What do you like studying besides English?
Grammar Pattern 23
Noun + Verb + Adjective
Model Sentence
We are very busy.
Pattern 23 is basically quite easy. However, the adjective at the end can sometimes be a phrase that is quite long. The adjective in the Model Sentence above is "busy", but it could also be "very busy" or "really very busy" or even "so busy that we cannot get all of our work done today"!
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. They are hungry.
2. They are not very hungry.
3. The teachers are lazy.
4. The teachers are very lazy.
5. The teachers are not very lazy.
6. She seems very happy.
7. Your sisters seems to be very happy.
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. Are you tired now?
2. How do you feel today?
3. Were your high school teachers hard working?
4. Is your boss hard working or lazy?
5. You seem to be very happy. Are you?
Grammar Pattern 24
Noun + Verb + Time or Place
Model Sentence
Next month is summer.
Pattern 24 is similar to Sentence Pattern 23, except that the adjective at the end can be replaced by words showing a time or a place. The Model Sentence is quite simple - the time is just "summer". In the Pronunciation Practice section, you can see longer possible phrases such as "in the restaurant" or "later in the week". Even very long phrases can be used. For example, "We ate during the exciting football match between Germany and Brazil that was won by Germany by a score of two to one". Most of the time, it is much simpler, though, so you can practicing the sentences below is enough!
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. Tomorrow is Wednesday.
2. She is coming to our house.
3. She is coming today.
4. We will eat later.
5. We will eat later today.
6. We will eat Chinese food later in the week.
7. We will eat in the restaurant.
8. You can visit next week.
9. She is there.
10. Birds are in the sky.
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. What day is tomorrow?
2. What day was yesterday?
3. When will you eat next?
4. Where will you eat dinner?
5. What can you often see in the sky?
6. What can you often see on a mountain?
Grammar Pattern 25
Noun + Verb + Manner
Model Sentence
My students are learning quickly.
Sentence Pattern 25 is similar to Patterns 23 and 24. The only difference is that the last part shows the "manner", or "how" the action is done. This is a very common pattern used in conversations, so discussion questions are included at the end. In this pattern, it is often possible to move the "manner" (the final adverb or adverbial phrase) in front of the verb. Those possibilities are shown below after each practice sentence.
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. Birds are flying slowly. (The birds are slowly flying.)
2. The children were eating hungrily. (The children were hungrily eating.)
3. Those children play noisily. (Those children noisily play.)
4. My friends work eagerly. (My friends eagerly work.)
5. Can you finish your work in less than an hour?
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. How do fish usually swim? (quickly? slowly?)
2. How well did you learn as a student? (slowly? eagerly?)
3. Do your friends study actively?
4. Will you speak English fluently in 3 years?
5. Did you study hard as a high school student? (Do NOT use "hardly" here. "Hardly" is a special word in English that means "not very much"!)
Discussion Questions – Give longer answers to these questions.
1. Can you speak English fluently now?
2. How will you learn to speak English better?
3. Do you always work hard at your job?
4. What activities do you do enthusiastically?

 

[tashakori]

Grammar Pattern 26
Noun + Verb + Long Phrase ​

Model Sentence
She asked me when the movie would begin. ​

Sentence Pattern 26 uses "connectors" such as "when", "where", "who", "why" and "that" to build on Patterns 23, 24 and 25. This pattern allows you to add much more information when you are communicating in English.
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. He was sleeping when the telephone rang.
2. They were waiting where the road curves.
3. She was wondering why the weather was so cold.
4. I want to know who will cook dinner tonight.
5. This is the book that I bought yesterday.
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. Where were you when the sun came up this morning?
2. Have you been to a city where there is lots of rain?
3. Why is the weather colder in winter than in summer?
4. Do you know who the President of China is?
5. When is the time that you study best? ("That" is not necessary! "When is the time you study best" is okay, too!)

Grammar Pattern 27
Long Noun + Long Verb ​

Model Sentence
The 25-year-old man in the park is trying to fly a kite. ​

This sentence pattern uses two "phrases", first a "long noun" and then a "long verb", to communicate a simple idea with several details. In the Model Sentence above, the first part (the long noun) shows us that it is a rather young man and where he is. The second part (the long verb) shows us what he is doing and that he is "trying" but maybe not succeeding!
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. The seven students are studying now.
2. The seven happy students are studying very hard.
3. Some young teachers were talking.
4. Some young, intelligent teachers were talking.
5. The cats and dogs had been sleeping. (Before they woke up!)
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. What are your parents doing now?
2. How hard were your friends studying as university students?
3. What had you been doing before you started this lesson?
4. What are you and your friends doing today?
5. Where are you and your family going to eat dinner tonight?

Grammar Pattern 28
Long Noun + Long Verb + Adjective or Adverb ​

Model Sentence
A yellow bird was flying quickly across the sky. ​

Now that we have mastered Sentence Pattern 27, we can add an adverb or adjective at the end to make even more interesting sentences. The examples below are enough to show you how...
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. The happy students have been studying hard.
2. Three teachers are talking to tired students.
3. A fat cat is looking for some little mice.
4. A driver of a fast car cannot stop very quickly.
5. Good students from London are thinking about a large, delicious dinner!
Conversation Practice - Answer these questions with a full sentence.
1. How do happy workers do their jobs?
2. What do fat cats often look for?
3. What kind of students think about really special dinners?
4. How easily can a driver of a big car change directions?
5. What kind of students need help from their hard working teachers?

Grammar Pattern 29
Noun + Verb + Noun + Movement ​

Model Sentence
The boss gave some advice to his workers. ​

The end of Sentence Pattern 29 is usually called an "indirect object". What does that really mean? It means there is some kind of movement - something is moving to another place. For example, in the Model Sentence above, what happened to the advice? It "moved" from the boss to the workers. Most grammar books make this pattern seem very difficult, but it's not. Just learn the sentences below!
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. She gave the keys to her friend.
2. My brother threw a bone at the dog.
3. My sister moved her home to the city center.
4. We put the old magazines into the garbage bin.
5. The swimmer threw himself into the water.
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. Do you give any kind words to your coworkers?
2. What nice gifts have you given to your parents?
3. What kind of things have you put on top of your television?
4. What can you throw at (or to) your dog?
5. Where do you usually put old newspapers?
6. Which part of the city do you want to move to?

Grammar Pattern 30
Noun + Place + Verb + Noun or Adjective ​

Model Sentence
A hungry dog in the street is looking for food. ​

This pattern is a little more difficult than previous sentence patterns but it is based on a combination of those patterns. The Model Sentence, for example, starts with a long noun (A hungry dog) as subject, then mentions the place (in the street) followed by a verb (is looking) then a final phrase (for food). Your English will become more fluent if you can say the sentences below easily. Remember, "practice makes perfect"!
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. The apple on the table looks delicious.
2. Two cats under the bed look scared!
3. My friend in Australia wants a new job.
4. A group of people near the door seem very happy.
5. Some people in our city want to build a new train station.
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. What do the decorations in your house look like?
2. What do dogs under the dining room table seem to want?
3. Are your friends in other cities happy to live there?
4. Who in your city wants to make changes?
5. What food in your home is not very fresh?

 

[tashakori]

Grammar Pattern 31
Noun + Verb + Long Noun + Place
Model Sentence
I saw a very interesting show in the theater.
Look at the Model Sentence to understand this very common grammar pattern. The first noun ("I" - the subject) and the verb ("saw") are very simple. Then we have a long noun ("a very interesting show") followed by the place ("in a theater"). Say the Pronunciation Practice sentences until you can say them perfectly.
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. We have two bottles of milk in the fridge.
2. He ate six big juicy hamburgers in the park.
3. There is half a loaf of bread on the table.
4. We can buy five pounds of meat from the supermarket.
5. The woman was driving a beautiful sports car up the mountain.
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. What do you have to drink in your refrigerator (fridge)?
2. Have you seen some really interesting movies in a theater?
3. What kinds of vegetables can you buy in your local supermarket?
4. What special foods do you cook at home?
5. What special foods do you eat in a restaurant?
Grammar Pattern 32
There is / There are
Model Sentence
There is a big dog in front of the house.
Use this simple grammar pattern to start lots of conversations. Start with "There is" when talking about one thing or start your conversation with "There are" if you are talking about two or more things. Then explain what (in the Model Sentence the "what" is "a big dog") and explain where ("in front of the house") and you have a good sentence! There are three discussion questions at the end to get you started using this sentence pattern in real conversations. Have fun!
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. There are three people in my family.
2. There is a book on the table.
3. There aren't any eggs in the refrigerator.
4. There isn't any time left in the game.
5. There are only a few cars on the road.
6. There are too many cars on the road.
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. Are there many people in your family?
2. How many people work in your office?
3. Are there too many cars in your city?
4. Is there too much pollution in your hometown?
5. Is there any cheese in your refrigerator?
Discussion Questions - Give longer answers to these questions.
1. Do you think there are too many people in the world?
2. Are there people in this world that you admire?
3. Is there a special place that you want to visit?
Grammar Pattern 33
There was / There were
Model Sentence
There was a big storm last night.
This grammar pattern is similar to sentence pattern 32, except that it is in the past. Use this in conversations about things that happened before now. It's quite easy, so be sure to learn these sentences until you can say them perfectly.
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. There were seventeen students in the class.
2. There was a tall student sitting in the front.
3. There was a big earthquake in China a few years ago.
4. Was there a party last night?
5. Were there many people at the meeting yesterday?
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. Was there a special event that changed your life?
2. Were there many good teachers in your high school?
3. Was there a McDonald's in your town when you were a child?
4. Were there interesting TV shows on TV when you were a child?
5. How many TV stations were there in your hometown 20 years ago?
Grammar Pattern 34
English Articles
Model Sentence
A man jumped into the river. Who was the man?.
Articles are one of the most difficult points of English grammar for ESL students. Learn the sentences in this lesson will make it easier for you. In English, we often start with "a" and "an" which are called "indefinite articles". These are used with something we don't know well. We can then continue with "the", which is a "definite article". We use "the" with something we know. The practice sentences in this grammar lesson are in pairs - the first sentence uses an indefinite article but then we know the topic, so the second sentence uses a definite article.
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1a. There is a man next to the table. (We don't know who he is yet.)
1b. The man is from Sydney. (Now we know him, at least a little!)
2a. A man came to our office this morning. (Who? We don't know.)
2b. The man wanted to meet our boss. (Now we know him a little.)
3. The Nile is a river in Egypt. (Everybody knows it.)
4. There is a river in my hometown called the Genesee River.
5. Put this fruit in the kitchen. (We know that every house has a kitchen.)
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1a. Do you have a pet?
1b. What is the pet's name?
2a. Is there a lake near your hometown?
2b. Is the lake big or small?
3. Where is the Mississippi River?
4. What is the capital city of France?
Grammar Pattern 35
English Determiners
Model Sentence
Those two cars belong to this company.
The most common English determiners are some, a few, many, these, those, and that. We use determiners in English to show how much or how many things you are talking about. In other words, we add important information to our conversations which helps us communicate more effectively. Learn the sentence patterns below to practice the most useful determiners in English.
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. Those people are not my coworkers.
2. These books are mine but these are not.
3. Give me that book on the table.
4. Some of these magazines are interesting but many are not.
5. I like a few movies but not many.
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. Do you have many books in your home?
2. What things do you have only a few of?
3. What are some things you really enjoy?
4. Think of something you really hate. What is that?
5. Think of some things you want to do. What are those things?

 

[tashakori]

Grammar Pattern 36
English Sentences with "it"
Model Sentence
It is very cloudy today.
Some English sentences don't have a grammatical subject, so we can use "it" as a kind of "empty subject". We often use "it" in English to talk about time and weather. Practice the sentences below and your English conversation will be much more colloquial!
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. What time is it? (It's 3 o'clock.)
2. What's it like outside? (It's cold and windy.)
3. It's a great day today!
4. It's Wednesday.
5. It's 2010. (Or "This year (not it!) is 2010".)
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. What will the weather be like tomorrow? (It will be...)
2. What's the date today?
3. Is it the weekend yet? (Yes it is. / No it's not. It's ...)
4. Is it raining right now?
5. Will it snow tomorrow?
Grammar Pattern 37
Either / Neither / Too / So
Model Sentence
They don't agree and neither do I!
In English grammar, we use words such as "Either", "Neither", "Too" or "So" to show agreement during a conversation. Use one of these expressions to give answers.
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. She seems very tired. (I am too!)
2. I want to go home. (So do I!)
3. I don't like this TV show. (I don't either!)
4. I am not happy with this class. (Neither am I!)
5. We don't want to go out tonight. How about you? (I don't either.)
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. How does your sister (or brother) feel now? How about you?
2. Do you have a million dollars? How about your friends?
3. Have your friends been to South Africa? How about you?
4. Can your parents fly an airplane? What about you?
5. Which country were you born in? What about your brother? (or sister?)
Grammar Pattern 38
Comparing Actions in English
Model Sentence
They must work harder. OR He can read more quickly than me.
We have two ways to compare things in English grammer. With short words, we add "-er" at the end of a word (such as "work harder" in the Model Sentence) or we use "more" before a word (as in "more quickly"). Practice the grammar points by using the sentences below.
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. We must study harder if we want to succeed.
2. You can run more quickly if you are in a hurry.
3. They spoke louder because nobody could hear them.
4. She drove more slowly to avoid an accident.
5. I will think more carefully before answering next time.
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. What do you want to do more seriously?
2. Is there anything you can do more quickly than your friends?
3. Is there anything you do more slowly than your friends?
4. When should people speak louder than normal?
5. When should people speak more softly than normal?
6. What should people try to do more carefully?
Grammar Pattern 39
Comparing Things in English
Model Sentence
Their car is more powerful than my car is.
Similar to English Sentence Pattern 38, this pattern makes a comparison. However, English Sentence Pattern 39 compares two things, not two actions. Generally, shorter words will use "er" (be + adjective + -er + than) but longer words use "more" (be + more (or less!) + adjective + than) to make this comparison.
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. My new apartment building is taller than my old one.
2. My new teacher is more interesting than the previous one.
3. Her older brother is less successful than she is.
4. Our new computer is faster than our old computer.
5. We are better students than they are.
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. What do you do better than other people?
2. What do you do less well than others?
3. Who usually studies harder than you do?
4. Who can run faster than your mother?
5. What is more interesting than studying English?
[h=2]English Grammar Pattern 40
Comparing Three or More Things in English [/h]Model Sentence
That book is the most interesting book in our house
When we describe three or more things using English grammar, we not use "er" or "more". Instead, we use "the" with "-est" or "the most". It's a small change from English Sentence Pattern 38 and English Sentence Pattern 39 so you should master this pattern easily!
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. That TV program is the most interesting, don't you agree?
2. This TV program is the funniest, don't you think so?
3. Our teacher is the most boring teacher in ther world, isn't he?
4. This is the tallest building in the city, right?
5. She is the worst English speaker I know!
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. Who is the best English speaker you know?
2. Who is the worst English speaker you know?
3. What is the funniest TV show you have ever seen?
4. What do you think is the most interesting city in the world?
5. Which is the longest river in the world?

 

[tashakori]

English Grammar Pattern 41
Noun + "Be" + Adjectives
Model Sentence
The bread was warm, soft and tasty.
Learners of English often use single adjective to describe an object. In this grammar pattern, students should try to use two or more adjectives together at the end of each sentence. For many students, this is a question of pronunciation more than grammar. In any case, practice always makes perfect.
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. The air was clean, cool and fresh.
2. The car was fast and powerful.
3. My sister is intelligent, beautiful and charming.
4. We were hungry, thirsty and tired.
5. The weather was cold, windy and rainy.
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. How can you describe your family members?
2. What is your best friend like?
3. What is the weather like today?
4. What was the weather like yesterday?
5. Can you describe your favorite food?
6. What special food did you eat yesterday?
[h=2]English Grammar Pattern 42
Noun + Place + "Be" + Adjectives [/h]Model Sentence
The people in the car were hot and tired.
This grammar pattern is similar to English Sentence Pattern 41 with the only difference being that you tell us "where" (a place) you saw the thing being described by the adjectives. It's a little bit longer than the previous pattern, so practice saying it until you can say it easily.
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. The air by the sea is clean, cool and fresh.
2. The woman next to the boat was tall, beautiful and dangerous!
3. A friendly dog in your home can be fun and interesting.
4. Ten of the students in the classroom were sleepy, bored, and restless.
5. My friend from Spain is hard working and intelligent.
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. Are students in an English classroom usually bored and sleepy?
2. How can we describe workers in your country?
3. What activities do you think are fun and interesting?
4. Where can you find activities that are fun and interesting?
5. Have you ever met a woman who is tall, beautiful and dangerous? Where???
[h=2]English Grammar Pattern 43
Long Nouns with Question Words [/h]Model Sentence
"Whoever smiles first is the loser!" OR "The loser is whoever smiles first!"
Although this grammar pattern is similar to English Sentence Pattern 18 it is much more challenging. We make the longer noun in this pattern using "question words" for example, the Model Sentences above use "whoever smiles first" either at the beginning or the end of the sentence. When you get used to this sentence pattern, it will seem quite easy, so keep trying!
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. Whoever finishes first is the winner. (The winner is whoever finishes first.)
2. Whenever we arrive we'll have a party. (We'll have a party whenever we arrive.)
3. Whichever bus comes first, we'll take. (We'll take whichever bus comes first.)
4. Wherever we go, it will be fun. (It will be fun wherever we go.)
5. Whatever you do, we will support you. (We will support you whatever you do.)
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. Who will win a basketball match? (Whoever scores the most points...)
2. Where can we find good Chinese food in Beijing? (Wherever you go...)
3. When do you like eating pizza? (Whenever I'm hungry!)
4. What kind of movies do you watch? (Whatever is playing at the cinema...)
5. Which kind of computer do you want to buy? (Whichever is cheaper...)
English Grammar Pattern 44
Question + Preposition + Noun
Model Sentence
"What's the reason for doing it this way?
This grammar pattern begins with a full question, not just a question word. In the Model Sentence, "What's the reason" is a question. Then "doing it this way" is a noun. Between the question and the noun, we have a preposition "for" to link the two. This is not a very easy pattern, but it's quite useful!
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. What's the problem with the car? (The problem with the car is...)
2. What's the matter with this tea?
3. What's the solution to this problem?
4. Who's the author of this book?
5. Where's the manager of this store?
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
1. Who is the leader in your company?
2. What's the name of your hometown?
3. Where's the capital city of your country?
4. How is the food in your favorite restaurant?
5. When is the biggest festival in your country or city?

 

[Sima]

اموزش گرامر زبان در سطح پیشرفته

اموزش گرامر زبان در سطح پیشرفته

[h=1]UK - US DIFFERENCES Spelling and Vocabulary[/h] اشاره: تفاوت های موجود بین انگلیسی و آمریکایی ​

Britain America [h=3]-our / -or[/h] Many words end in -our in Britain, and in -or in America. colour color favour favor neighbour neighbor [h=3]-tre / ter[/h] Words ending in -tre in Britain end in -ter in America, for example : centre center litre liter theatre theater [h=3]Doubling of letters[/h] In Britain, the 'l' is doubled in an unstressed syllable : travelling traveling marvellous marvelous [h=3]Different spelling[/h] analyse analyze catalogue catalog cheque check defence defense kerb curb plough plow pyjamas pajamas tyre (for a wheel) tire [h=3]Different words[/h] handbag purse/pocketbook holiday vacation lorry truck motorway freeway nappy diaper pavement sidewalk tap faucet ​

 

[Sima]

WHO - WHOSE - WHOM - THAT - WHICH - WHERE

WHO - WHOSE - WHOM - THAT - WHICH - WHERE

[h=1]WHO - WHOSE - WHOM - THAT - WHICH - WHERE[/h] استاد حامد رفیعی فوق لیسانس زبان انگلیسی و دارنده مدرک Delta و Celta از دانشگاه کمبریج انگلستان اشاره: WHO - WHOSE - WHOM - THAT - WHICH - WHERE ​

There is often confusion about the use of who, whose, whom, that, which or where.​ We use who for a person, and which for a thing or an idea. We use that for both a person and a thing/idea. Whose is a possessive pronoun. When who is the object, whom, with a preposition, can be used instead, but it is formal and rather old-fashioned. In modern speech, we use who, or we leave out the pronoun. Where (relative adverb) refers to places. Examples of use : ​ I know a woman. She speaks 6 languages. I know a woman who speaks 6 languages. I know a woman. Her husband speaks 6 languages. I know a woman whose husband speaks 6 languages. I spoke to a person yesterday. To person to whom I spoke yesterday.(formal) The person (who) I spoke to yesterday. (informal) I live in a house. It is 200 years old. I live in a house which/that is 200 years old. That's the hotel. We stayed there last year. That's the hotel where we stayed last year. That's the hotel that we stayed in last year. When can we leave out relative pronouns ? Compare :​ The woman who wanted to see me is a doctor. ('Woman' is the subject of the sentence) The woman (that) I wanted to see is a doctor. (Here 'woman' is the object, 'I" is the subject.) Relative pronouns can be omitted when they are the object of a relative clause.​

 

[Sima]

[h=1]TRAVEL - TRIP - JOURNEY - TOUR - VOYAGE[/h] استاد حامد رفیعی فوق لیسانس زبان انگلیسی و دارنده مدرک Delta و Celta از دانشگاه کمبریج انگلستان اشاره: TRAVEL - TRIP - JOURNEY - TOUR - VOYAGE ​

The explanations should help clarify the meaning and use of vocabulary related to travel.​ Travel The word 'travel' is used to talk about going from one place to another. It can be a verb, a noun or an adjective : Verb : Paul travels a lot in his job. Noun : Travel nowadays is faster than before. Adjective : There is a travel agency beside the bank. Trip The word trip is used to talk about a short journey somewhere for a purpose, business or pleasure. For our wedding anniversary, we went on a trip to Venice. My boss is often away on business trips. Duriing our holiday we took a boat trip to the islands. Journey A journey is the distance covered when travelling from one place to another. 'Journey' can refer to a long distance or a short regular one. The journey was long and tiring. It took us 5 hours to get there. Did you have a good journey? Yes, it was quite pleasant. How long is your journey to work? Just about 20 minutes. Tour A tour is a journey during which several places are visited, especially on a holiday. 'Tour' can be a noun or a verb. Noun : We went on a tour of Italy. Verb : We toured the north of India. Voyage A voyage is a long journey by sea or in space. Before the 20th century, long sea voyages were common. A spacecraft will take you on a voyage through space. ​

 

[Sima]

[h=1]WHETHER - IF[/h] http://www.www.www.iran-eng.ir/Data/Articles/Items/2012/12/1000493.gif استاد حامد رفیعی فوق لیسانس زبان انگلیسی و دارنده مدرک Delta و Celta از دانشگاه کمبریج انگلستان اشاره: WHETHER - IF ​

'Whether' and 'if' are used as follows :​ To express alternatives : I don't know whether/if I'll go to the party on Saturday (or not). To report a question : Are you going to the party? - She asked me whether/if I was going to the party (or not). Only whether can be used in the following cases: When followed by an infinitive : I don't know whether to go to the party or not. After prepositions : It depends on whether I get home early or not. When whether begins a clause which is the subject of a sentence. Whether I go to the party or to the cinema makes no difference to me. When followed directly by 'or not' I'll be happy whether or not I go to the party .

 

[Sima]

[h=1]SO - SUCH[/h] استاد حامد رفیعی فوق لیسانس زبان انگلیسی و دارنده مدرک Delta و Celta از دانشگاه کمبریج انگلستان اشاره: SO - SUCH ​

So is used before an adjective or an adverb :​ so big so carefully Such followed by 'a' or 'an', is used before an adjective + a singular noun :​ such a long time such an incredible story Such is used alone (without a, an) before plural nouns, mass nouns and abstract nouns (information, advice, furniture, courage, generosity, interest, kindness ... )​ such fools such (beautiful) furniture such generosity Compare the following sentences:​ This book is so interesting. This is such an interesting book. Such interesting books are difficult to find. I was amazed that the crowd was so big. I was amazed that there was such a big crowd. The story was so complicated. It was such a complicated story. You are so intelligent. You are such an intelligent person. A person of such intelligence is a pleasure to meet.

 

[Sima]

[h=1]THE[/h] استاد حامد رفیعی فوق لیسانس زبان انگلیسی و دارنده مدرک Delta و Celta از دانشگاه کمبریج انگلستان اشاره: موارد استفاده از حرف تعریف The ​

The definite article 'the' designates a specific person, place or event as shown below : ​ Specific things The book I bought is interesting. Pass me the sugar please. Hotels, monuments, buildings, museums, cinemas, theatres. The Ritz, The Tower of London, The Empire State building, The Louvre, The Odeon Cinema, The Royal Theatre Mountain ranges, rivers, seas, oceans. The Alps, The Mississippi, The Black Sea, The Pacific Ocean. Groups of states or islands The United States of America, The Bahamas. No article is used in the following cases : Generalisations Sugar is sweet. Caviar is expensive. Streets, squares, etc. Oxford Street, Time Square Names of mountains and lakes Mount Everest, Lake Ontario Countries (except groups as above) England, France, Japan, India, etc. Continents Europe, Africa, Asia, America, Australia,

 

[Sima]

[h=1]OF - FROM[/h] استاد حامد رفیعی فوق لیسانس زبان انگلیسی و دارنده مدرک Delta و Celta از دانشگاه کمبریج انگلستان اشاره: OF - FROM ​

Many learners find it difficult to know when to use ‘of’ and when to use ‘from’ in English. Very often this comes from the fact that in a number of languages the same preposition is used for both 'of’ and ‘from’. The clarifications below are intended to serve as a guide for English learners.OF​ ‘Of’ for possession : To denote possession, the apostrophe followed by s ('s), (for example: Tom's), is used for living things or groups and institutions. Tom's house. The dog's tail. The government's policy. ‘Of’ is used when referring to inanimate objects, to mean that something belongs to something else. The roof of the car. The title of the book. The name of the game. 'Of' is used in certain expressions such as : It is nice (good /kind /generous /silly /stupid etc.) of (somebody) to do (something) Example : It was stupid of Sam to leave the window open. ‘Of’ is used after adjectives : There is no real pattern – you need to learn them as you meet them. Here are some examples, but please remember that this is not a complete list : - afraid of - ashamed of - aware / unaware of - capable of - fond of - proud of - sure/certain of - tired of 'Of’ is used after certain verbs : Again, this is not a complete list, but here are some examples : - accuse (somebody) of something - complain of - dream of - hear of - remind (somebody) of someone/something - think of FROM​ ‘From’ is used to refer to origins : 'From' is used to indicate that something originates or comes from something else or some person. For example, - Kate comes from England - The passage is from a poem written by Lord Byron. From - To / From - Until : 'From' is used with the prepositions 'to' and 'until' to mark the beginning and ending point of an action in time. For example, - I work from 9 to 5 every day. - We will be in London next week from Tuesday until Friday. 'From' after adjectives : ‘From’ is seldom used after adjectives but in British English we find : - different from ‘From’ is used after certain verbs : This is not a complete list, but here are some examples : - borrow from - disappear from - discourage from - prevent from - protect from [*=right]منبع: سرزمین زبان ​

 

[Sima]

[h=1]PREPOSITIONS[/h] http://www.www.www.iran-eng.ir/Data/Articles/Items/2012/12/1000489.gif استاد حامد رفیعی فوق لیسانس زبان انگلیسی و دارنده مدرک Delta و Celta از دانشگاه کمبریج انگلستان اشاره: PREPOSITIONS ​

Preposition Meaning Examples above higher than or over The sun is above the clouds. across friom one side to the other It's dangerous to run across the road. after - following something - later than - The boy ran after the ball. - I'll phone you after lunch. against - in opposition to - in contact with - Stealing is against the law. - The sofa is against the wall. along from one end to the other They are walking along the street. among surrounded by Peter was among the spectators. around - in a circle - near, appproximately - He walked around the table. - It costs around 50 euros. before - earlier than - in front of - The day before yesterday. - He bowed before the king. behind at the back of Passengers sit behind the driver. below lower than Hir shorts are below his knees. beneath under The pen was beneath the books. beside next to The bank is beside the cinema. between in the space separating two things Mary sat between Tom and Jane. by near, at the side of The restaurant is by the river. close to near The school is near the church. down from higher to lower She pulled down the blind. from where something starts or originates The wind is blowing from the north. in at a point within an area The pen is in the drawer. in front of directly before The child ran out in front of the bus. inside on the inner part of The bird is inside the cage. into enter a closed space He went into the shop. near close to The school is near the church. next to beside The bank is next to the cinema. off down or away from He fell off the horse. on in a position touching a surface The plate is on the table. onto move to a position on a surface The cat jumped onto the roof of the car. opposite facing, on the other side Eva sat opposite Tom at the table. out of - move from a closed space - without - He got out of the taxi. - She's out of work. outside opposite of inside The garden is outside the house. over - above/across - on the surface of - The plane flew over the Atlantic. - She put a sheet over the furniture. past beyond She drove past the supermarket. round in a circular movement The earth moves round the sun. through from one side to the other The Seine flows through Paris. throughout in every part of The virus spread throughout the country. to in the direct of / towards On the way to the station. towards in the direction of The child ran towards her father. under beneath, below Water flows under the bridge. underneath beneath There was dust underneath the rug. up towards or in a higher position She walked up the stairs.

 

[Sima]

[h=1]LIKE - LOOK LIKE - BE LIKE[/h] استاد حامد رفیعی فوق لیسانس زبان انگلیسی و دارنده مدرک Delta و Celta از دانشگاه کمبریج انگلستان اشاره: LIKE - LOOK LIKE - BE LIKE ​

Like can be used​ as verb, to talk about tastes as a preposition, with look and be to talk about appearance and ask for descriptions. Verb : to like​ The verb to like is used to talk about tastes, what we enjoy or prefer. What sport does Peter like? He likes football. What's your favourite food? I like Italian food. Preposition (like) + look​ Look like is used to ask for and give an opinion about appearance. What does Peter look like? He is tall, dark and handsome. He looks like George Clooney. Preposition (like) + be​ Be like is used to ask for and give a general description. What is Julie like? She is reliable, pleasant and helpful. She is like a friend. [*=right]منبع: سرزمین زبان ​

 

[Sima]

[h=1]OTHER - ANOTHER[/h] http://www.www.www.iran-eng.ir/Data/Articles/Items/2012/12/1000487.jpg استاد حامد رفیعی فوق لیسانس زبان انگلیسی و دارنده مدرک Delta و Celta از دانشگاه کمبریج انگلستان اشاره: OTHER - ANOTHER ​

[*=left]Other (adjective) Other is an adjective meaning 'different' which can be used with singular or plural nouns. Here are some examples : There's some water left in this bottle. The other bottle is empty. Some children learn quickly but other children need more time. I'm not happy with this product. Next time I'll buy an other brand. I can't find my other shoe. Have you got any other questions? [*=left] [*=left]Other (pronoun) Other can also be a pronoun to refer to things or people. 80% of the students arrive on time. The others (the other students) are always late. There are two cookies left. You have one and I'll have the other. Only half of the guests have arrived. Where are the others? Another (adjective) Another is an adjective which expresses quantity. It means 'additional' or 'one more'. There are six people for dinner but there are only 5 plates. We need another plate. This cake is delicious. Could I have another slice please?. Please give me another chance. I promise to try harder.. ​

 

[Sima]

[h=1]IN CASE - UNLESS[/h] استاد حامد رفیعی فوق لیسانس زبان انگلیسی و دارنده مدرک Delta و Celta از دانشگاه کمبریج انگلستان اشاره: IN CASE - UNLESS ​

[*=left]In case In case expresses the possibility of something happening. It is used to express the idea of doing something to avoid a possible problem later on. It gives the reason for an action. Take an umbrella in case it rains. = There is a possibility that it will rain, so it's a good idea to take an umbrella. [*=left]In case + 'of' In case of means 'if there is'. In case of emergency, call this number. = If there is an emergency, call this number. [*=left]Unless Unless means 'except if' or 'only if'. Unless replaces 'if' + a negative verb. Sally won't come unless you invite Harry. Sally won't come except if you invite Harry. Sally will only come if you invite Harry. If you don't invite Harry, Sally won't come. We will have a picnic unless it rains. We will have a picnic except if it rains. If it doesn't rain we will have a picnic. If it rains, we won't have a picnic. ​

 

[Sima]

[h=1]FOR - SINCE - AGO[/h] استاد حامد رفیعی فوق لیسانس زبان انگلیسی و دارنده مدرک Delta و Celta از دانشگاه کمبریج انگلستان اشاره: FOR - SINCE - AGO ​

For, since and ago are used to talk about time. ​ FOR For is used to indicate a period of time. For is used with the Present Perfect. I have been waiting at the bus stop for 10 minutes. I have lived in this country for 5 years. I went to Venice for a week-end. For can be used with other verb tenses : Present : I go on holidays for two weeks every summer. Past : When I was sixteen, I stayed in London for two months. Future :While I am in the USA , I will be in New York for two days. SINCE Since is used to refer to the starting point of actions or situations. It is generally used with the Present Perfect. I have been waiting for the bus since 8 o'clock. I live in Tokyo. I have lived in Tokyo since January 2010. I have been learning English since the beginning of the year. AGO Ago is used to say when past events happened, going back from today towards the past. The verb is in the Past Tense. I came to Tokyo two years ago. I arrived at the bus stop 10 minutes ago. The company was founded 30 years ago. ​

 

[Sima]

[h=1]FEW - L ITTLE (few - fewer - fewest / little - less - least)[/h] http://www.www.www.iran-eng.ir/Data/Articles/Items/2012/12/1000483.jpg استاد حامد رفیعی فوق لیسانس زبان انگلیسی و دارنده مدرک Delta و Celta از دانشگاه کمبریج انگلستان اشاره: FEW - L ITTLE (few - fewer - fewest / little - less - least) ​

Few and little are both quantifiers which mean : 'not a lot' or 'not much/many'. To make comparisons : Few-fewer-fewest are used with countable nouns (a melon, two melons). Little-less-least are used with uncountable nouns (milk, cheese, water...). ​ Meaning Example Few Not many/not a lot There are few melons in the shop today. Fewer Not as many. The supermarket has fewer melons. Fewest The smallest number The shop has the fewest melons. Little Not much/not a lot There is little milk left in the jug. Less Not as much We bought less milk yesterday. Least The smallest quantity. The eldest child drinks the least milk. N.B. A few and a little have a positive meaning = a small quantity. ♦ There are a few melons = There is a small number. ♦ There is a little milk = There is a small quantity. ​

 

[Sima]

[h=1]EVEN THOUGH / EVEN IF[/h] http://www.www.www.iran-eng.ir/Data/Articles/Items/2012/12/1000482.png استاد حامد رفیعی فوق لیسانس زبان انگلیسی و دارنده مدرک Delta و Celta از دانشگاه کمبریج انگلستان اشاره: EVEN THOUGH / EVEN IF ​

Even though Even though is used to express a fact, something that is real or true,​ Even though John is rich, he lives in a small house. (John is rich, but in spite of that, he lives in a small house.) Even though she likes animals, Mary doesn't want a dog. (In spite of the fact that she likes animals, Mary doesn't want a dog.) Even if Even if is used in a supposition or hypothesis.​ Even if Caroline earned a big salary, she would not buy a fast car. (Caroline doesn't like fast cars. It is not because of the price that she won't buy one.) Even if I had time and money, I wouldn't go on a cruise. (It's not because I have no time or no money that I won't go on a cruise. I have other reasons for not going.) ​